分类： utrmfgldf

　　"Putonghua takes Beijing pronunciation as the basic pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and modern vernacular writings as the grammatical norm." This is the standard definition of Mandarin. Baidu’s explanation of "Putonghua" includes a special item — — Luanping County, Chengde City, Hebei Province, is the place where standard putonghua sounds are collected. So why Luanping? What’s so special about this small county separated from Beijing by a mountain?

△ "Hometown of Putonghua" Stone Carving

　　Walking into Luanping, a big stone carving stands out, saying "the hometown of Putonghua". Being in Luanping is like being among the announcers, from the elderly to the children, everyone speaks Mandarin with clear pronunciation and mellow voice.Luanping dialect is considered to be "closer to Putonghua than Beijing dialect" because there are no language habits such as retroflex, saving words and ending sounds.Someone joked: "Learning Mandarin, originally learning Luanping dialect!"

　　Experts enter the village to collect pronunciation for formulating common language norms

　　Bai Fengran, 77, still remembers something that happened 63 years ago. In the spring of 1953, Luanping No.4 Complete Primary School just started school. At the age of 14, he was called to the office to read the text to two experts. In the process of listening, the two experts have been recording in the notebook, and some places have asked him to pause and reread a word. "After reading, they asked me if I usually talk like this at home? I nodded. " Bai Fengran recalled.

△ Data Map: The National Language Committee came to Luanping to collect sample sounds.

　　Luanping always talks like this. Like Bai Fengran, three students of other grades in the same school read several articles in front of experts. Now, the four young students who read the article that year are old, and together with three other villagers who have talked with experts, they are honored as the "phonetic seven old" of Luanping.

　　Of course, they couldn’t know that the two strangers were language experts sent by the Special Affairs Bureau of the Central People’s Government at that time, and they were conducting a phonetic inspection for formulating the common language standard in China.

　　Clear pronunciation and mellow voice, directly defining Luanping dialect as a national standard

　　As the saying goes, it is an arduous project to make people from all over the world talk freely. After the founding of New China, it is necessary to establish a standardized universal language system and promote it to the whole country. However, according to which standard to form the final specification, it is difficult to adjust.

△ Data Map/vision china

　　As a national norm, Putonghua needs smooth syllable mouth, concise tone, easy to distinguish, even moderate speech speed, coherent airflow and sufficient charm, which is suitable for broadcasting, speech and daily communication. Judging from the standard of Putonghua,Luanping’s pronunciation is accurate and clear, with clear pronunciation and clear pronunciation, and its intonation is "harder" than that of Beijing dialect at that time, which is direct and clear, especially without the pronunciation habits of retroflex, word saving and ending in Beijing Hutong, and it is easy to learn and popularize.A Mexican student once praised that learning "Luanping sound" saves the tongue than "Beijing sound"! In this context, Luanping became one of the places where Mandarin speech was collected in the early 1950s.

△ Foreign students learn Chinese.

　　This smell formed over 600 years has finally become a standard sound.

　　In fact, the deep historical origin between Luanping and Putonghua can be traced back to the Ming Dynasty more than 600 years ago. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, the population of the Central Plains dropped sharply due to continuous campaigns. As a result, the mountainous area in northern Hebei, which was located in the mountainous area and was relatively unaffected by the war, became an important base for population migration at that time.

　　During the Yongle period, Zhu Di, the emperor of Ming Dynasty, moved the capital to Beijing, and ordered all the residents and troops outside Gubeikou to withdraw to the Great Wall, forming a no-man’s land on a large scale outside the Great Wall, and Luanping was in the southernmost part of this no-man’s land. This situation was not changed until the early Qing Dynasty when immigrants from around Beijing reclaimed land from Luanping again.

△ Data Map: Jinshanling Great Wall, Chengde, Hebei/vision china

　　"What exactly was the dialect of Luanping before the Ming Dynasty? Now there is no way to verify it. In the Ming Dynasty, the historical fault of Luanping for more than 200 years, like tape degaussing, ‘ Wash ’ After losing the original dialect, Luanping became a blank tape waiting for recording. " Wang Guoping, vice chairman of Luanping CPPCC, said.

　　The official language of the Ming Dynasty was Nanjing Mandarin, and the capital was moved to Beijing during the Yongle period, and the Nanjing dialect that followed became the basis of Beijing pronunciation at that time. After Manchu entered Beijing, they actively studied Chinese culture, especially language and culture, and the Beijing dialect they taught gradually became the new Beijing Mandarin popularized in Qing Dynasty. This period happened to be the peak period when Manchu flag people opened fields and built villages in Luanping.

△ Data Map: After Zhu Di moved to Beijing,

　　Wang Guoping believed that Zhuangtian had close contacts with Beijing and was greatly influenced by Beijing Mandarin at that time. Since Luanping is like a blank tape, a large number of immigrants from various sources do not have strong dialects, and what is common is the Beijing Mandarin popularized in the Qing Dynasty.It can be said that Luanping was the pioneer of the promotion of Beijing Mandarin in the Qing Dynasty, and the widely influential Beijing Mandarin eventually became the predecessor of Putonghua.

　　As long as Luanping people have at least a second standard of Putonghua.

　　Since 2012, the state has started the construction of the audio database of language resources, in which Hebei participated. Therefore, in 2013, after a lapse of 60 years, Bai Fengran once again participated in the voice collection work. At that time, 74-year-old Bai Fengran recorded four or five hours a day in an underground recording studio, but he didn’t complain at all. He said, "I am very satisfied with doing this to promote Putonghua and promote Luanping culture."

　　Tang Yunhang, dean of Hebei Tourism Vocational College, became attached to Luanping as a national Putonghua tester. About 20 years ago, as an examiner, he took a Putonghua test in Chengde. When he reported the test results to the provincial Putonghua Test Center, he was questioned that the standard was too loose because there were too many people above Grade Two. "I dare say that in any corner of Luanping, as long as he is a Luanping person, his Putonghua level is at least second-class A!"

△ Data Map/vision china

　　"Putonghua Experience Zone" is the name awarded to Luanping by the State Language Committee. "What is a cultural brand? Mandarin is the cultural brand of Luanping. " Cai Fuhao, secretary of the Luanping County Party Committee of Hebei Province, said, "We look forward to the future. Everyone knows that the place to learn Mandarin and learn standard Chinese pronunciation is Luanping, Hebei Province."

In fact, the shooting in Chicago is nothing new. In his opening speech at the annual meeting of international police chiefs, Trump said that gun violence in Chicago, where there were more than 560 murders in 2018, was "more dangerous than Afghanistan".

From the overall data, Trump’s metaphor is not unreasonable. According to the data provided by the Chicago Tribune, from 2001 to 2016, the number of deaths of US troops in Iraq was 4,504, and the number of deaths in Afghanistan was 2,384. During this time period, the number of abnormal deaths in Chicago was 7,916. Therefore, Chicago is called the "city of violence" and "shooting capital" in the United States.

So, how did the most modern city in the United States gradually become the "most unsafe city"?

Text | Xie Fang Zeng Linhao (intern)

In order to reprint the original articles of Wangzhi think tank, please indicate the source of Wangzhi think tank (zhczyj) and the author’s information before the article, otherwise the legal responsibility will be strictly investigated.

one

requently happen

The gunfire in Chicago never stopped.

In the first nine months of 2019 alone, the number of people killed by shooting in Chicago reached 408 and 1972 people were injured.

During the Labor Day holiday in the United States (August 31-September 2), Chicago staged a "bloody weekend". The police said that within 48 hours, at least 7 people in the city were killed by shooting and more than 30 people were injured.

The picture shows the police investigating a crime scene. Source: Chicago Sun

Among them, on the morning of August 31, a man named Willie Coker was shot outside. On the same day, a man shot at the crowd with a gun, killing two people and injuring three others. There were also two shootings in Humboldt Park, resulting in one death and one injury.

On September 1st, Wan Tai Jackson, a 15-year-old boy, was shot in his neighborhood and died instantly. Soon after, an unidentified man and woman were shot at a party, and the man was pronounced dead on the spot. On the same day, a gun battle by car occurred in southwest Chicago, killing one person and seriously injuring another.

The picture shows the distribution of shootings in downtown Chicago as of November 7, 2019. Source: HeyJackass!

Then, from the evening of September 22nd to the early morning of the next day, there were 10 consecutive shootings in Chicago, in which 12 people were shot. The frequency of the shootings was unimaginable:

At about 7:30 that night, a 24-year-old man was shot and had two wounds on his shoulder.

At about 8:30 pm, a 23-year-old woman was shot in her house and her leg was injured.

About 15 minutes later, a 39-year-old man and two 14-year-old boys were shot while walking, and all three were injured in their legs.

At 10 pm, a 33-year-old man was shot in the back;

At about 11: 45 pm, a 28-year-old man was shot in the back;

At 12: 10 pm, a 21-year-old woman was shot in the back of the yard and her arm was injured.

At 12: 30 pm, a 45-year-old woman and a 23-year-old man were shot while driving. The woman was injured in the shoulder and the man was shot in the hip.

At about 2: 15 am, an 18-year-old man was bruised by a bullet in the head;

……

What’s going on in Chicago? This needs to start from the beginning.

2

emigrant

From 1620, when the first group of Puritans sailed into New England on the sailboat "may flower", up to now, one in four Americans is a new immigrant or the child of an immigrant, and the United States is a country established by immigrants.

Immigrants have brought advanced technology, laid the foundation of American civilization and culture, and also brought hidden dangers of social unrest.

This is particularly prominent in Chicago.

When immigrants first come to the United States, they generally choose areas with superior geographical location and rapid urban development.

Geographically, Chicago is located at the intersection of the tributary of the Mississippi River and Lake Michigan, backed by the Great Lakes. There are many rivers in the area, and the terrain is flat, forming a dense land and water transportation line.

The picture shows the geographical location of Chicago.

Relying on its excellent geographical advantages, the coal from Illinois, the iron ore from the Great Lakes in the north, the timber from Wisconsin and Michigan, and the grain from the Midwest of the United States were all transported to Chicago, and its steel industry developed rapidly.

By the 1980s, the three largest steel mills in Chicago accounted for nearly 30% of the total rail production in the United States. Huge production capacity has spawned a large number of job opportunities. In the 1970s alone, the number of employees in three steel mills reached more than 3,100.

The picture shows a group photo of steel workers at the south factory in Chicago. At its peak, this factory employed 20,000 people. Source: Wikipedia.

Just as the steel industry in Chicago was in full swing, a disaster suddenly came. In 1871, an unexpected fire burned for two days, and most of Chicago’s urban areas were destroyed. At last, at least 300 people were killed and 100,000 people were displaced, accounting for one-third of the population at that time.

While the fire brought disaster, it also brought opportunities for re-planning and construction in Chicago. During the period of reconstruction, the world’s first skyscraper with steel frame was born in Chicago. Since then, its innovative urban architecture has sprung up and gradually gained a worldwide reputation.

The picture shows a painting about the Chicago fire in 1871. Source: The Paper

Convenient transportation, a large number of jobs and a city in ruins have attracted many immigrants. During the second wave of immigrants in the United States (from 1861 to 1880), about 5 million immigrants came to the United States, and quite a few of them chose to settle down in Chicago. During this period, the five-year civil war ended, and many oppressed blacks moved from the south to the north.

For the above reasons, the population of Chicago increased from 112,000 in 1860 to 503,000 in 1880. The intersection of various races has made the composition of Chicago society rapidly diversified and complicated, and racial contradictions have begun to stand out and escalated rapidly.

In the summer of 1919, a white man threw a stone at Eugene Williams, an African-American young man swimming in Lake Michigan, who later died of his injuries. The police refused to arrest the perpetrators, which triggered protests from black groups. This tragedy became the fuse of racial riots in Chicago. During the riots, whites and blacks threw stones or bricks at each other in the street and shot at each other with pistols or shotguns. The police turned a blind eye and the law and order in the city disappeared. The 13-day riot eventually killed 38 people (including 23 blacks and 15 whites), injured more than 530 people and left more than 1,000 black families homeless.

The picture shows the white militia confronting an African-American veteran in the street during the riots. Source: Chicago Tribune.

Afterwards, Woodrow Wilson, then president of the United States, condemned the white people as the perpetrators and promoted racial harmony through the establishment of voluntary organizations and congressional legislation.

However, today, racial discrimination in Chicago and the tragedy caused by it still exist.

In October 2014, a Chicago policeman named Jason Van Dyke had an altercation with a 17-year-old black youth, Rakuan McDonald, and then fired 16 shots at him, causing McDonald to die on the spot. However, more than a year later, after Van Dyke was charged with first-degree murder, the Chicago Police Department released the video of the incident photographed on a police car at that time at the request of the court.

The cover-up behavior of the police station and the bloody truth of the video made Chicago people take to the streets to protest the abuse of force by police officers, and the trust between the people and the police collapsed. This incident is even considered to be one of the main reasons for the serious out-of-control of public security in Chicago in 2016 and 2017.

In October 2018, Van Dyke pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and 16 counts of serious assault, and was sentenced to 81 months (6 years and 9 months) in January 2019.

Of course, behind immigration, there is far more than racial discrimination.

three

sinister gang

There are many kinds of immigrants going to America.

Immigrants from Britain, Germany and other countries came to develop North America with large sums of money; Irish and Italian immigrants, on the other hand, are forced by the sluggish domestic economy and turbulent political arena, and have no choice but to seek a livelihood in the United States.

At that time, the traditional white Americans regarded the latter as a different kind and rejected them in all fields of society.

Italians from Sicily are eager to change the fate of the bottom. With their experience of participating in gang activities in their hometown, they started the road of creating the Chicago Mafia, an overseas branch of the Mafia.

However, Irish immigrants who experienced the "potato famine" and the cruel rule of Britain, faced with the increasingly intensified racial contradictions in Chicago society, chose to "organize groups" to carry out violent struggles.

Gangs controlled by these two ethnic groups have completely changed the social composition of Chicago.

Most of these gangs were established at the end of the 19th century, and they penetrated into every "capillary" of the city in blocks. More dangerously, some gangs even buy arms from the military through special channels, and gangs with military weapons have become the primary threat to urban security.

The picture shows gang members accepting arms. Source: Wikipedia

It takes a lot of money to keep gangs running and buy arms. Where does the money come from?

In 1920, the American government issued the "Prohibition Order" to help the gangs solve this problem. During the prohibition period, the formal liquor market was banned, which resulted in the rise of the black market. For a time, smuggling and underground trading became a lucrative business, and a large amount of money poured into the private liquor selling industry in Chicago.

Due to the depression caused by prohibition, many Chicago people not only gave their money to the gang, but also gave their knees. It can be said that a steady stream of "selling wine money" helps gangs buy arms, develop offline and expand their power.

At that time, the private liquor trade in Chicago was mainly controlled by the Irish gang under Moran, a "bug", and the mafia led by al capone.

Among them, al capone, the mafia leader, was hailed as "the underground mayor of Chicago". During the prohibition period, he accumulated huge wealth by selling private liquor. According to the data, the daily profit from selling alcohol in al capone is as high as $5,000.

The picture on the left shows Moran, the bug, and the picture on the right shows al capone.

However, as the smuggling of liquor became more and more serious, the interests of the two factions became entangled, and the feud gradually became a "Valentine’s Day tragedy" that shocked the whole country in 1929. Capone sent his men to dress up as policemen, forced seven Irish gang members to line up against the wall in the garage, and then shot them mercilessly.

In broad daylight, pretending to be a policeman shot his opponent, which shows the extent of al capone and Chicago Mafia at that time.

The picture shows the police simulating the "Valentine’s Day tragedy" crime scene.

What are the real cops doing?

They were bribed. During Capone’s mafia rule, more than half of Chicago police officers worked for him. It is said that Capone spends millions of dollars every year to bribe and win over a large number of police, government employees, lawyers and judges. Therefore, in the murder case, Capone does not have to worry about bringing risks to himself.

However, Capone’s craziest move in Chicago’s political arena was to personally control the 1927 Chicago mayoral election.

At that time, under the cover of campaign funds, he became the financial owner of Thompson, one of Chicago mayoral candidates, and six months before the vote, he made 62 bomb attacks and murdered at least two politicians in order to undermine Thompson’s campaign opponents.

Capone’s behavior was so rampant that the federal marshals in Chicago asked the US Attorney General to authorize 500 federal marshals to ensure that voters voted safely that day. But Chicago people, who were afraid of mafia forces, finally chose Thompson, and Capone also ushered in his peak.

In the presidential election in 1928, the captain of Chicago criminal police team, Roth, found Capone and asked him not to get involved in the presidential election. In return, the police promised not to "disturb" Capone and his men for "small things" such as murder.

With the help of many parties, the gangs in Chicago have developed like bamboo, and they are still active today and become a major threat to the whole city. According to the survey data of the police in 2015, there are at least 59 gangs and 625 subordinate branches in Chicago. Nowadays, Chicago, new york and Los Angeles are also called "the three gangster cities in America".

As an American journalist wrote, "guns are the passport here, drugs are better than dollars, and killing people represents honor." Whoever kills more people can be promoted in the gang. "

four

politician

In addition to gangs, there is also a famous family-the Daley family that has a far-reaching influence on Chicago.

The picture shows Kennedy, then president of the United States, meeting the Daley family at the White House. Source: White House official website

The first generation "political star" of the Daley family is Richard J. Daley, a former Illinois senator who combines the characteristics of American "old white men" (meaning old, white and male) politicians. He was re-elected as the mayor of Chicago for six times, with a total term of 21 years.

During his tenure, Daley successfully grasped the golden age of world economic development after World War II and completed the reshaping of Chicago’s heavy industry. However, his two actions with obvious racial discrimination left a legacy for the city.

The first is the "public housing plan" with racial segregation.

Chicago’s "public housing plan" was born in the early 20th century. The city government with strong financial resources hoped to provide a clean living environment for people with difficulties, so the original design was mainly two-story townhouses.

After Daley took office, he also vigorously promoted the "public housing plan", but compared with the previous public housing design, the public housing he admired was huge, with a large number of households in each unit, and a community could accommodate at least 75,000 people.

From cleanliness and comfort to maximum accommodation of population, why did the change happen?

Because Daley is a racist supporter. In the 1950s, the southern United States imposed extremely strict racial laws and brutally oppressed blacks. Many blacks had to leave their hometowns, and a large number of them chose to go to Chicago to look for opportunities.

In this case, the old-fashioned public housing with a large area and a small number of people can’t meet the influx of black population. In 1955, when Daley took office, Chicago white politicians headed by him did not want blacks to flood into traditional white communities, so new standards of public housing rose. Daley’s idea is to isolate blacks in a corner of the city and divide and rule the two ethnic groups.

The picture shows the robert taylor community with the largest number of blacks in Chicago at that time. Source: Observer Network.

Therefore, Daley’s new "public housing plan" is actually the result of the practice of "white supremacy". In the new public housing with a large population, the signs of violent crimes began to grow. These buildings with complex structures and densely populated areas can become fortified fortresses on the outside, and can serve as "arsenals" and "drug factories" on the inside. Gangsters also use ordinary residents as a cover to walk freely through them.

The second is the education system with the color of apartheid.

In the mid-1950s, Chicago’s public schools were overcrowded. Daley and his inspector Benjamin Willis set up a mobile classroom-625 "Willis trailers" on the campus of the black community, so that black students would not transfer to the white community. However, due to the limited space, black students still need to take turns to go to school.

The picture shows the police on duty to defend the mobile classroom in Guggenheim junior high school. Source: Chicago Tribune

When civil rights organizations urged Daley and Willis to integrate schools in Chicago, Daley flew into a rage and asked civil rights organizations to keep their distance from school affairs.

In 1965, the U.S. Department of Education announced that it would stop providing $30 million in federal aid because the Chicago school board still practiced racial discrimination in schools. Daley told the media arrogantly that he could use his influence in Washington to overturn the decision.

In 1968, 85% of black students in Chicago attended "exclusive schools" with 95% black students.

In the early 1970s, Chicago’s schools were in trouble, and more than 40% students did not graduate from high school. The average reading ability of eighth-grade students is almost one and a half years behind that of students in other parts of the country, and students in slum schools are more than two years behind.

In 1976, Daley died of illness. After family trading, his son "Little Daley" Richard M Daley became the mayor of Chicago in 1989. Daley Jr. surpassed his father for 22 years.

The picture on the left is Richard J. Daley, and the picture on the right is "Little Daley" Richard M Daley. Source: Chicago Tribune.

Under Daley Jr., a large number of relatives, friends and political allies of Daley family benefited from urban contracting. Jeremy Joyce, Daley Jr.’ s confidant, won the contract to be a McDonald’s franchise store at O’Hare Airport, Chicago’s largest airport, earning $1.8 million a year. Michael Taddin, another friend of Daley Jr., signed a $100 million municipal road maintenance contract with the city.

A survey in Chicago Tribune in 1999 found that since Daley Jr. took office, 68 Daley family relatives had been employed by the government at different times.

In addition, Daley Jr. is more racist than his father. He once said in public that Chicago needs a "white mayor" and turned a deaf ear to the illegal law enforcement by the police against ethnic minorities.

By the end of 2009, Daley Jr.’ s approval rating had fallen to an all-time low of 35%. Subsequently, he announced that he would give up seeking a seventh term. People’s livelihood is sad, prices are soaring, gangs are rampant, and capital outflows are the last impressions left by Chicago under the Daley family.

five

go bankrupt

In 2008, the financial crisis broke out in the United States, and the global financial market was in turmoil. Chicago was also affected. Since then, its steel industry has been depressed, traditional manufacturing industries have moved out, and urban tax revenue has dropped sharply.

This decline has continued to this day, as can be seen from the rising fiscal deficit year after year.

Chicago’s fiscal deficit in 2011 was US$ 655 million (equivalent to about RMB 4.6 billion). On August 29th, 2019, Mayor Lori Lightfoot announced that the city was facing a budget deficit of US$ 838 million (equivalent to about RMB 5.9 billion) due to the increase of labor cost, pension expenditure and debt cost, and the severity of "income not meeting expenditure" set a historical record. By 2021, this figure is expected to exceed 1.1 billion US dollars (equivalent to about 7.7 billion yuan).

The picture shows that Chicago’s pension liabilities ranked first in the United States in 2014. Source: Chicago Tribune

In the face of financial problems, the Chicago municipal government did not come up with a reliable plan, and the plan of issuing $10 billion bonds proposed by the former mayor was stillborn.

To make matters worse, in 2014, Moody’s Investors Services, an international rating agency, downgraded the credit rating of $388 million bonds issued by Chicago from "A3" to "Baa1" and set the outlook of Chicago as "negative".

[Note: In Moody’s credit rating, the "A3" level indicates that the enterprise’s credit degree is good, and its financial strength and asset quality are average and it has certain strength. "Baa1" level means that the city’s credibility is average, and various economic indicators such as assets and financial status are at a medium level, which may be affected by uncertain factors and have certain risks. 】

The damage to the city’s financial reputation has brought a series of bad consequences to Chicago. The deterioration of municipal services has caused more high-end industries and elites to be reluctant to enter, and poverty has led to crimes, and the vicious circle has continued.

The current predicament of Chicago is also a difficult problem to be solved urgently in many cities in the United States, and the "rust belt" is a typical representative.

"Rust Belt" refers to the traditional industrial areas in the Northeast, Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the United States, including Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin.

The picture shows the American "rust belt"

These areas are the heart of American manufacturing. Oil refining in Ohio, automobile industry in Michigan, metallurgy in Pennsylvania and steel industry in Illinois were once the pride of American industry. However, under the background of globalization, the traditional manufacturing industry has launched fierce global competition, and cheap steel and manufacturing products from developing countries in Asia have had a strong impact on the economic structure of the "rust belt" States.

In 2013, Detroit, the "rust belt", was officially approved by the bankruptcy law. At that time, the city’s debt exceeded 18 billion US dollars (equivalent to about 110 billion yuan), making it the largest bankrupt city in American history.

Looking back at Detroit’s bankruptcy road, in fact, many "causes" are what Chicago is facing.

First, the expenditure on municipal projects is still huge, and the government’s fiscal revenue is too single.

Second, the competitiveness of traditional manufacturing industries has declined.

Third, racism is still prevalent and gang conflicts are still fierce.

Of course, it is not only the "rust belt" that faces the "urban crisis". In October 2017, the US financial website "Zero Hedge" published "Where is the next American city to file for bankruptcy? The article said, "If you live in these’ red’ cities, it may be time to start looking for another home."

As can be seen from the picture, these "red" cities include Oakland, Los Angeles, Phoenix, Austin, Houston, Atlanta and Pittsburgh, and cities such as San Antonio, Sacramento and Dallas are second only to "red".

The picture shows the credit risk levels of major cities in the United States. Source: JPMorgan Chase

Where should these declining cities go?

In 2017, Trump, who was about to succeed Obama as president of the United States, shouted to rahm emanuel, then mayor of Chicago and former White House chief of staff of Obama, meaning: If you can’t manage it well, let my government manage it for you. Now that more than two years have passed, the situation seems to have not improved, and the mayor has changed, and Trump’s trip actually has a number of "tasks." During the meeting on the 28th, he signed an executive order to set up a "presidential committee" in the local area to directly intervene in the management of crime and law enforcement in Chicago. According to the Chicago Tribune, the committee’s functions include studying the causes of criminal activities and providing practical suggestions on police training and police assistance.

However, the "opposition" between Trump and Chicago is, in the final analysis, a huge conflict of political ideas. As mentioned above, Chicago is one of the famous "asylum cities" in the United States, which means that the city will refuse to implement the federal government’s immigration policy to a certain extent and protect foreigners living illegally in the United States, while the Trump administration pursues a tough immigration policy; For another example, Chicago, which is controlled by the Democratic Party, claims to have the strictest gun control laws in the United States, which is often slammed by the Republican government with guns. In the latter’s view, the rampant gun violence in the city just shows that the gun control policy is not effective. For Trump, Chicago can almost be regarded as a "failure model" for the Democratic Party’s governance.

"He (referring to Trump) should listen to public opinion, understand the status quo and see what he can do to help … If he just comes to’ get money’, he might as well stay in the White House." Faegri, an anti-gun violence activist, said so. Whether Trump can really help Chicago is still unknown.

References:

1. The development history of Chicago steel industry | Sohu. com, July 23, 2019

2. Wikipedia "Great Chicago Fire".

3. Wikipedia "Richard J. Daley (Richard J. Daley)"

4. The Chicago police shot and killed African-American teenagers and was sentenced to 6 years and 9 months in prison | China News Network, January 19, 2019.

5. Chicago mode "? Cure social violence by treating infectious diseases | Southern Weekend, June 7, 2019

6. In Chicago, 66 people were shot and 12 people were killed in two days. Let me tell you something about the gangsters here | Southern Weekend, August 8, 2018.

7. Many cities in the United States are facing bankruptcy, and Chicago is the most dangerous | Sohu.com, October 9, 2017.

8.What’s the stoopidest thing Mayor Richard Daley has ever said？ | Chicago Tribune, May 26, 2010

9. Let’s talk a little: How did the super-strong political family that ruled Chicago for 43 years move from glory to edge | Lawrence Wang, Observer Network, May 24, 2019.

10. America’s third largest city is facing bankruptcy! Many cities have issued alarms, and California is also listed | Tencent. com, September 1, 2019

11. Chicago’s long weekend was not peaceful. A total of five people were killed in multiple shootings | China News Network, May 28, 2019

12. From the rise and fall of Chicago, look at the centenary of American cities | The Paper, January 10, 2019

13. American cities will face bankruptcy! Los Angeles, Atlanta, Houston and Chicago are all in danger | Jiang Ding, national business daily, October 8, 2017.

14. Daley vs Daley | Chicago Magazine, September 10, 2008

15. The mayor and the police chief are both absent, and Trump’s trip to Chicago is like "being in an enemy camp" | Lin Jing Liu Haoran, Global Times, October 30, 2019

Original title: "Half of the police in the third largest city in the United States used to work for gangs. A father and son have been in control for 40 years, and now it is more chaotic than Afghanistan! 》

foreword

The data range of compulsory traffic insurance for smart driving cars is the data of traffic insurance in Shanxi, Hebei, Tianjin, Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning. The average accident rate is 12.1%, which is 0.9 percentage points lower than that of non-intelligent driving cars, and the average case compensation is 2413 yuan, which is 0.9 percentage points lower than that of non-intelligent driving cars.

Author | Leather Book

Source | leather book theory

Please add WeChat to contribute:17301794939

Recently, the Blue Book of Automobile and Insurance: Big Data Development Report of China Automobile and Insurance (2018) was released. According to the Blue Book, as of December 2017, a total of 68 insurance companies and 954 provincial insurance branches across the country had access to the auto insurance platform to carry out business, underwriting motor vehicle insurance premiums reached 793.1 billion yuan, up 12.3% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 2.9 percentage points lower than that of the previous year.

1. "Networking" has gradually become the main consumer after 90 years.

China’s next-generation car buyers are the "networked" generation born in 1990s, and they gradually become the main force of automobile consumption. At present, the population of the generation born in 1990s has reached 174 million, accounting for 13% of the total population. The trend of younger consumer groups in third-tier and fourth-tier cities is obvious, and it is estimated that the proportion of new car owners will reach 20% after 1990s in 2017.

Although the car owners on campus account for a small proportion in the overall automobile market, as the people with the greatest consumption potential at present, more and more college students have begun to consider the problem of car purchase, which is on the rise year by year. According to the report and survey, college students represented by the post-90s generation are becoming a new force in social consumption. 65% of college students said that they have a clear car purchase plan, and less than 40% have no car purchase plan. Among the college students who have a car purchase plan, boys are more willing to buy a car, accounting for 70%, while girls only account for 30%.

At the same time, the post-90 s, who grew rapidly in the information age, were maverick and flamboyant. In the scene of car use, in addition to the common reasons such as convenient travel and commuting, their use of cars for social interaction is also very prominent. For them, the car is not an element to improve the quality of life, but a medium to connect and socialize with his circle.

In terms of car purchase considerations, the appearance and interior are the most concerned after 90. The post-90s generation don’t think that foreign brands must be better than their own brands. In their minds, these are secondary. They only care about whether the concept declared by the brand conforms to their own personality and whether they show their own characteristics in the circle. The post-90s generation pays more attention to the sense of automobile fashion and personalization, and demands a sense of science and technology for the interior. In order to cater to the consumption habits of the post-90s generation, car companies should further improve the appearance and interior design of the new generation models, with more emphasis on dynamics, individuality and sensibility.

As people born and raised with the internet, it is very important for them to get information in real time, whether it is people, people and machines, machines and machines. They prefer smart internet technology and think that the synchronization function between mobile phone and car is "very attractive".

Compared with the consumer groups in other eras, the post-90 s consumption concept is advanced, and they dare to overdraw their future consumption in advance; The widespread popularity of car loans also makes the post-90s generation pay much more attention to car loans than the post-90s generation, and the price sensitivity is lower than that of the post-90s generation. As a generation growing up with the Internet, the consumption concept of the post-90s generation is quite different from that of other consumer groups. Car companies need to re-examine brand positioning, update vehicle design and change marketing strategies to meet the needs of the new main players in the market.

2. The level of domestic automobile intelligence has been gradually improved.

From the historical annual changesThe intelligent level of automobiles in China has been gradually improved. Before 2010, the proportion of smart driving cars was almost zero. From 2011 to 2013, the development of smart driving cars started. In recent years, the proportion of smart driving cars increased significantly. In 2018, the proportion of L1-level smart driving cars was 4.7%, and that of L2-level smart driving cars was 4.2%, which developed rapidly, including L2-level smart driving in 2016 and 2017.

From the geographical distribution of intelligent driving carsThe level of automobile intelligence in coastal areas is relatively high. The data shows that the proportion of smart driving cars in 20 provinces and cities in China exceeds 6.0%, and the data range is national vehicles. Among them, the proportion of smart driving cars in Shanghai, Shenzhen and Tianjin ranks among the top three in China, all above 10.0%. Other cities with smart driving cars accounting for more than 8.0% are Xiamen, Dalian and Ningbo, while the proportion of smart driving cars in Henan and Hebei is the lowest, all below 5.0%.

Judging from the price of smart driving carsWith the improvement of intelligence level, the purchase price of new cars has moved up obviously, and middle and high-end cars occupy the mainstream. The data shows that the average purchase price of new cars for vehicles with intelligence levels L1 and L2 ranges from vehicles in Shanxi, Hebei, Tianjin, Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning. They are 279,000 and 350,000 respectively, which are 2.3 times and 2.8 times of the models with intelligence level L0 respectively.

Distinguish vehicles according to whether they are smart cars or not.It can be found that the risk difference between intelligent driving cars and non-intelligent driving cars is significant.The data range of compulsory traffic insurance for smart driving cars is the data of traffic insurance in Shanxi, Hebei, Tianjin, Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning. The average accident rate is 12.1%, which is 0.9 percentage points lower than that of non-intelligent driving cars, and the average case compensation is 2413 yuan, which is 0.9 percentage points lower than that of non-intelligent driving cars.It can be seen that the application of intelligent driving technology significantly reduces the occurrence of traffic accidents, because most intelligent driving cars not only have a single control system, but also are usually equipped with corresponding early warning devices. For example, most intelligent driving cars are equipped with auxiliary parking devices, and the combined action of these systems has a positive impact on increasing road safety.

3. There is a big difference between the death compensation expenses and the average coverage of the three liability insurance in all parts of the country.

The risk of death liability in traffic accidents in various regions is mainly reflected in the standard of death compensation fees in various regions, which is closely related to the local economic development. The gap between the average insurance coverage of motor vehicle three liability insurance and the local standard of death compensation costs shows the actual level of protection in the region in reverse. Under the condition that the death compensation limit of compulsory insurance is fixed, the average coverage of three liability insurance is the main factor that affects the actual protection level.

The standard of death compensation fees varies greatly across the country. Among them, there are 11 provinces and cities with compensation fees exceeding 1 million yuan; There are 7 provinces and cities with 800,000 ~ 1 million yuan, and 18 provinces and cities with less than 800,000 yuan. The highest standard (Shanghai, about 1.58 million yuan) is about 2.2 times of the lowest standard (Heilongjiang, about 710,000 yuan), with a difference of about 870,000 yuan.

There are the following characteristics between the average coverage of three liability insurance in various places and the local death compensation fee standard:

First, the degree of risk exposure varies greatly across the country.The gap between the average coverage of the national three liability insurance and the standard of death compensation expenses is 147,000 yuan, which is 27,000 yuan less than that of the previous year. The gap in various regions is 22,000 yuan (Fujian) to 885,000 yuan (Beijing).

Second, the security gap in the economically developed areas in the east is greater than that in the economically underdeveloped areas in the central and western regions.Most of the 10 provinces with the largest security gap are economically developed areas in the east, and 5 of the 10 provinces with the smallest security gap are economically underdeveloped areas in the central and western regions. This is mainly because the standard of death compensation in economically developed areas far exceeds that in economically underdeveloped areas, and the average coverage of three liability insurance is relatively small between regions.

The Blue Book calls on relevant units and car owners to further raise their risk awareness, actively use insurance tools for liability risk management, and ensure that traffic accident victims get adequate compensation for losses. Especially in areas with higher economic level, the death compensation standard is higher, and the coverage gap is often larger, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Ningbo, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Qingdao, Zhejiang, Dalian and other places, where the coverage gap is more than 300,000 yuan. Consumers should pay more attention and reasonably choose the insurance coverage.

4. China’s auto insurance market has developed steadily, with both premium scale and insurance coverage rate increasing.

In 2017, China’s auto insurance market developed steadily. As of December 2017, a total of 68 insurance companies and 954 provincial-level insurance branches in China had access to the auto insurance platform to carry out business, underwriting motor vehicle insurance premiums reached 793.1 billion yuan, up 12.3% year-on-year, and the growth rate decreased by 2.9 percentage points over the previous year.

Aspects of premium scaleIn 2017, 169 million motor vehicle commercial insurance policies were underwritten nationwide, up 16.9% year-on-year, and the scale of commercial auto insurance premiums reached 599.15 billion yuan, up 12.3% year-on-year.

From the perspective of regional distribution, the scale of commercial insurance premiums in eastern and southern regions is larger than that in western and northern regions, and the scale of commercial insurance premiums in provinces with large population is often higher. Among them, the policy premiums of Jiangsu, Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces are all above 40 billion yuan; Insurance premiums in Qinghai, Ningxia, Tibet, Dalian, Hainan and other regions are below 5 billion yuan.

Judging from the changes in the scale of premiums, there were 11 regions with premiums of 20 billion yuan or more in 2017, two more than in 2016 (Shanghai and Hubei); There are 22 regions with premiums of 10 billion yuan or more, two more than in 2016 (Guizhou and Guangxi).

In terms of growth rate, Henan has the fastest growth rate, with a year-on-year increase of 23.1%; Dalian has the slowest growth rate, with a year-on-year increase of 2.4%.

In terms of insurance coverage rateIn 2017, the national commercial insurance coverage rate Commercial insurance coverage rate = number of commercial insurance policies/number of compulsory insurance policies. 81.8%, an increase of 2.4 percentage points over the previous year.

The regional characteristics of commercial insurance coverage are obvious, and the overall commercial insurance coverage rate in southern China is higher than that in northern China. The commercial insurance coverage rates in Zhejiang, Ningbo, Xiamen and Chongqing are higher, all above 95%, while those in Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi and most parts of Northeast and Northwest China are lower, all below 70%. Among them, Tibet’s commercial insurance coverage rate is the lowest, only 41.2%; Ningbo has the highest commercial insurance coverage rate of 97.7%, which is about 2.4 times that of Tibet.

Judging from the change range of commercial insurance coverage rate, Henan has the largest growth rate, increasing by 6.7 percentage points year-on-year; The insurance coverage rate in Shanghai experienced a negative growth, down 1.9 percentage points year-on-year.

This article is reproduced from the book, saying that the views of the article do not represent the position of AC cars.

— END —

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Cctv newsAccording to the website of the National Bureau of Statistics, since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the supreme leader as the core, all localities and departments have adhered to the people-centered development idea, taken safeguarding and improving people’s livelihood as the fundamental starting point and end result of their work, conscientiously implemented the strategic goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way, and introduced and implemented a series of policies and measures to benefit the people and enrich the people. Residents’ income has grown rapidly, their income structure has been continuously improved, the income gap between urban and rural residents has been continuously narrowed, their consumption level has been continuously improved, and their quality of life

　　1. Residents’ income grew rapidly and their income structure improved continuously.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, various regions and departments have continuously increased the implementation of the employment priority policy, and various measures to promote residents’ income growth have continued to exert their strength. Residents have shared more economic and social development dividends, residents’ income has maintained rapid growth, and the income structure has been continuously optimized.

　　(1) Residents’ income maintained a rapid growth, which was basically in sync with economic growth.

　　In 2021, the per capita disposable income of the national residents was 35,128 yuan, an increase of 18,618 yuan compared with 16,510 yuan in 2012, with a cumulative nominal growth of 112.8% and an average annual nominal growth of 8.8%. After deducting the price factor, the cumulative real growth was 78.0% and the average annual real growth was 6.6%. Residents’ income growth and economic growth are basically synchronized, 2013— In 2021, the average annual real growth rate of per capita disposable income of residents is faster than the growth rate of per capita GDP by 0.5 percentage points.

　　(2) Residents’ income sources are diversified, and the proportion of net transfer income and net property income has increased.

　　All localities and departments have effectively implemented various employment and entrepreneurship policies, continuously increased the protection of people’s livelihood, broadened the channels for increasing residents’ income through multi-pronged, continuously optimized the business environment, continuously improved the social security system, and further improved the participation and distribution mechanism of various production factors. The net income of residents’ transfer and property in China has increased rapidly, and the proportion has been increasing. In 2021, the per capita disposable income of the national residents was 6531 yuan, an increase of 139.4% compared with 2012, with an average annual increase of 10.2%, and the proportion of the per capita disposable income increased from 16.5% in 2012 to 18.6% in 2021. In 2021, the per capita net income of property was 3,076 yuan, an increase of 149.8% over 2012, with an average annual increase of 10.7%, and the proportion of per capita disposable income increased from 7.5% in 2012 to 8.8% in 2021. Residents’ wage income and net operating income maintained rapid growth. In 2021, the per capita wage income was 19,629 yuan, an increase of 109.3% over 2012, with an average annual increase of 8.6%; The per capita net operating income was 5,893 yuan, an increase of 85.8% compared with 2012, with an average annual increase of 7.1%.

　　Second, the income distribution pattern has been continuously optimized, and the income gap between residents has been continuously narrowed.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party and the government have attached great importance to the issue of income distribution and made great efforts to deepen the reform of the income distribution system. The income gap between urban and rural residents and regional residents has been continuously narrowed, and the income distribution pattern has been significantly improved.

　　(A) the gap between urban and rural areas continues to narrow, and the income ratio is declining year by year.

　　With the deepening of the rural revitalization strategy and various policies to tackle poverty, the per capita disposable income of rural residents continues to grow faster than that of urban residents. In 2021, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 47,412 yuan, an increase of 96.5% over 2012; The per capita disposable income of rural residents was 18,931 yuan, an increase of 125.7% over 2012. 2013— In 2021, the average annual income growth rate of rural residents was 1.7 percentage points faster than that of urban residents. In 2021, the ratio of per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents was 2.50 (rural residents’ income =1), which was 0.38 lower than that in 2012, and the relative income gap between urban and rural residents continued to shrink.

　　(2) The income of residents in the central and western regions has increased rapidly, and the relative income gap between regions has been narrowing.

　　With the in-depth implementation of the overall strategy of regional development, the income growth rate of residents in the central and western regions is obviously faster than that in other regions. In 2021, the per capita disposable income of residents in the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions was 44,980 yuan, 29,650 yuan, 27,798 yuan and 30,518 yuan respectively, with cumulative increases of 110.1%, 116.2%, 123.5% and 89.5% respectively, with an average annual increase of 8.6% and 8.9% compared with 2012. The average annual growth rate of residents’ income in the western region is 0.7, 0.4 and 1.9 percentage points faster than that in the eastern, central and northeastern regions respectively. The ratio of per capita income of residents in the eastern, central and northeastern regions to that in the western region (taking the income of residents in the western region as 1) will be reduced from 1.72, 1.10 and 1.30 in 2012 to 1.62, 1.07 and 1.10 in 2021 respectively.

　　Third, the consumption level of residents has been continuously improved, and the consumption structure has been continuously optimized and upgraded.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, all localities and departments have conscientiously implemented various policies and measures to expand residents’ consumption, continuously improved the consumer market environment, effectively promoted the growth of residents’ consumption, continuously improved the consumption level of urban and rural residents, and optimized and upgraded the consumption structure.

　　(A) the level of consumption has been continuously improved, and the consumption capacity has been continuously enhanced.

　　In 2021, the per capita consumption expenditure of the national residents was 24,100 yuan, an increase of 12,046 yuan compared with 12,054 yuan in 2012. The per capita consumption expenditure increased by 99.9% in nominal terms, with an average annual increase of 8.0%. After deducting the price factor, it increased by 67.4% in real terms, with an average annual increase of 5.9%. In terms of urban and rural areas, the per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents was 30,307 yuan, representing a cumulative nominal increase of 77.2% and an average annual nominal increase of 6.6% compared with 2012. After deducting the price factor, the cumulative real increase was 47.9% and the average annual real increase was 4.4%. The per capita consumption expenditure of rural residents was 15,916 yuan, representing a cumulative nominal increase of 138.7% and an average annual nominal increase of 10.2% compared with 2012. After deducting the price factor, the cumulative real increase was 99.7% and the average annual real increase was 8.0%.

　　(B) Engel’s coefficient gradually decreased, and the quality of life continued to improve.

　　In 2021, the per capita expenditure on food, tobacco and alcohol in China was 7,178 yuan, an increase of 80.2% over 2012, with an average annual increase of 6.8%. The proportion of food, tobacco and alcohol expenditure in consumption expenditure (Engel coefficient) decreased from 33.0% in 2012 to 29.8% in 2021, a decrease of 3.2 percentage points. In terms of urban and rural areas, the per capita expenditure on food, alcohol and tobacco for urban residents was 8,678 yuan, an increase of 58.6% over 2012, with an average annual increase of 5.3%; The Engel coefficient of urban residents decreased from 32.0% in 2012 to 28.6% in 2021, a decrease of 3.4 percentage points. The per capita expenditure on food, alcohol and tobacco for rural residents was 5,200 yuan, up by 117.2% compared with 2012, with an average annual growth rate of 9.0%; The Engel coefficient of rural residents decreased from 35.9% in 2012 to 32.7% in 2021, a decrease of 3.2 percentage points. The decline of Engel’s coefficient marks the further improvement of residents’ living standards.

　　(C) The consumption structure was optimized and upgraded, and the development-oriented enjoyment consumption was increasing.

　　With the improvement of residents’ income level and the continuous expansion of consumption fields, the consumption structure of residents has been continuously optimized and upgraded, and the consumption of transportation, children’s education and medical services has grown rapidly, and the proportion of service consumption expenditure has gradually increased. In 2021, the per capita transportation and communication expenditure of the national residents was 3,156 yuan, up by 117.5% compared with 2012, with an average annual growth rate of 9.0%, which was faster than the average annual growth rate of the national per capita consumption expenditure by 1.0 percentage points, accounting for 13.1% of the per capita consumption expenditure, up by 1.1 percentage points compared with 2012. In 2021, the per capita expenditure on education, culture and entertainment of the national residents was 2,599 yuan, up by 106.0% compared with 2012, with an average annual growth rate of 8.4%, which was 0.4 percentage points faster than that of the national residents, accounting for 10.8% of the per capita consumption expenditure, up by 0.3 percentage points compared with 2012. In 2021, the per capita medical and health care expenditure of the national residents was 2115 yuan, up by 152.3% compared with 2012, with an average annual growth rate of 10.8%, which was faster than the average annual growth rate of the national per capita consumption expenditure by 2.8 percentage points, accounting for 8.8% of the per capita consumption expenditure, up by 1.8 percentage points compared with 2012. In 2021, the per capita service consumption expenditure of the national residents accounted for 44.2% of the per capita consumption expenditure, an increase of 4.5 percentage points over 2013.

　　Fourth, the quality of life of residents has continued to improve, and the living environment has improved significantly.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, with the improvement of residents’ income and consumption level, household durable consumer goods have been continuously upgraded. At the same time, the party and the state regard accelerating the construction of local infrastructure as an important carrier to improve the level of people’s livelihood security, strive to promote the equalization of basic public services, improve the coverage rate of public facilities, and improve the living environment of urban and rural residents in all directions.

　　(1) Sustained upgrading of durable consumer goods

　　With the continuous improvement of residents’ income level, the consumption power is further enhanced, and the pace of consumption upgrading is accelerated. The main durable consumer goods owned by urban and rural residents are increasing, and cars, air conditioners and mobile phones are becoming more and more popular in residents’ families. In 2021, the average number of family cars owned by urban and rural residents per 100 households was 50.1 and 30.2, increasing by 132.7% and 358.3% respectively compared with 2012; The average number of air conditioners per 100 households is 161.7 and 89.0, which are 27.5% and 250.8% higher than that in 2012, respectively. The average number of mobile phones per 100 households is 253.6 and 266.6, which are 19.3% and 34.8% higher than that in 2012, respectively. Rural residents’ basic household appliances have increased rapidly, and the convenience of life has been greatly improved. In 2021, the average number of refrigerators owned by rural residents per 100 households was 103.5, an increase of 53.8% over 2012; The average number of washing machines per 100 households was 96.1, an increase of 42.9% over 2012.

　　(B) living conditions and quality have improved significantly.

　　With the renovation of shanty towns, the construction of low-rent housing and affordable housing, and the renovation of dilapidated houses in poverty-stricken areas, the living conditions of urban and rural residents have improved significantly. In 2021, the proportion of urban and rural residents living in reinforced concrete or brick-concrete structure housing was 96.2% and 77.6%, which were 4.4 and 21.9 percentage points higher than that in 2013 respectively; The proportion of urban and rural households with safe drinking water was 99.5% and 97.0%, which were 1.5 and 22.3 percentage points higher than that in 2013, respectively. The proportion of urban and rural residents who have no difficulty in obtaining drinking water is 99.4% and 97.6%, which are 2.7 and 12.0 percentage points higher than that in 2013, respectively; The proportion of urban and rural households with piped water supply was 98.7% and 92.7%, up by 1.7 and 29.4 percentage points respectively compared with 2013.

　　In recent years, with the deepening of the rural toilet revolution and the shortcomings of rural residents’ living environment, the sanitary conditions of urban and rural residents’ toilets have improved significantly. In 2021, the proportion of households using sanitary toilets in urban and rural areas was 97.6% and 82.6%, which were 8.3 and 47.0 percentage points higher than that in 2013 respectively. The proportion of households using flush toilets in urban and rural areas was 94.9% and 67.1%, which were 8.0 and 44.9 percentage points higher than that in 2013 respectively. The proportion of urban and rural residents who use their own toilets is 97.7% and 96.8%, which is 8.0 and 4.2 percentage points higher than that in 2013.

　　(3) The living environment and quality continue to improve.

　　The coverage of the "four links" has been expanding. By 2021, the nationwide electrified communities [2] have basically achieved full coverage. The community where residents in urban areas live has basically realized all telephone calls and cable TV signals, and 99.9% of households have access to roads, an increase of 0.7 percentage points over 2013. In rural areas, 99.9%, 99.8% and 99.9% of households located in natural villages have access to telephones, cable TV signals and highways, which are 1.3, 10.6 and 1.6 percentage points higher than that in 2013.

　　In 2021, 96.6% of the drinking water in urban areas and 80.4% of the drinking water in rural areas were treated by centralized purification, which were 5.3 and 34.8 percentage points higher than that in 2013 respectively. In 2021, 99.1% of households in urban areas can be treated centrally, an increase of 3.3 percentage points over 2013; In rural areas, 95.2% of households located in natural villages can be treated centrally, which is 46.5 percentage points higher than that in 2013.

　　(D) Improve the level of medical services and education services.

　　With the deepening of the policy of integrating urban and rural medical insurance and the full implementation of the strategy of healthy China, the level of medical public services that urban and rural residents can enjoy has gradually improved. In 2021, 87.5% of households in urban areas have health stations in their communities, and 94.8% of households in rural areas have health stations in their natural villages, increasing by 7.8 and 13.2 percentage points respectively compared with 2013. The level of educational services received by urban and rural residents has improved significantly. In 2021, 99.0% of households in urban areas live in communities that can facilitate kindergartens or preschool classes, an increase of 2.3 percentage points over 2013; 99.2% of households live in communities where primary schools are convenient, an increase of 2.4 percentage points over 2013. In 2021, 90.1% of households in rural areas are located in natural villages that can facilitate kindergartens or preschool classes on the ground, an increase of 14.4 percentage points over 2013; There are 91.3% households in natural villages that can facilitate primary schools on the ground, an increase of 10.5 percentage points over 2013.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the people’s living standards and quality have made historic progress and jumped in all directions. The Party and the people have successfully achieved the first century-long struggle goal, built a well-off society in an all-round way on the land of China, and are struggling towards the second century-long struggle goal of building a socialist modernization power in an all-round way. At present, it is a long way to go to solidly promote common prosperity, consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation and effectively link with rural revitalization, and continuously improve the living standards of residents. Let us unite more closely around the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, make efforts to continuously safeguard and improve people’s livelihood in development, continuously raise the income level of residents, continuously improve the quality of life of residents, and make new and greater contributions to realizing people’s yearning for a better life and building a socialist modern power.

　　Note:

　　[1] Unless otherwise specified, the following are nominal growth.

　　[2] Community refers to neighborhood committees or communities in urban areas and natural villages in rural areas.

　　Cctv newsAccording to the Traffic Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security, starting from tomorrow (September 1), small car driving licenses can be applied for in different places in the province, motor vehicles can be inspected in different provinces, and vehicles can be transferred from different places to realize online transmission of file information.

　　At present, it is common to live, study and work in different places, and the demand for driving licenses in different places is increasing. The Ministry of Public Security has further relaxed the conditions for applying for a driver’s license in different places. From September 1, residents in the province can directly apply for a driver’s license for small cars with their ID cards throughout the province, without having to submit a residence permit or temporary residence registration certificate. Residents outside the province can also apply for a small car driver’s license directly within the province after applying for a residence permit in any city in the province.

Wang Qiang, Deputy Director of Traffic Management Bureau of Ministry of Public Security.

　　Wang Qiang, Deputy Director of Traffic Management Bureau of Ministry of Public Security:For example, if you are from Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, then when I want to apply for a driver’s license in Baoding, Hebei Province, or in other places, then you can hold your ID card, and the resident ID card can be applied for anywhere in the province, so I can take the exam and issue a driver’s license.

　　Small cars, trucks and other vehicles have achieved national "general inspection"

　　In terms of motor vehicle inspection, since September 1st, the Ministry of Public Security has comprehensively implemented cross-provincial inspection of small cars, trucks and medium-sized buses to achieve nationwide "general inspection". Applicants can directly inspect in provinces other than the place where motor vehicles are registered, and apply for inspection marks, without going through the entrusted inspection procedures. For vehicles exempted from inspection within 6 years, after verifying the compulsory insurance through the Internet traffic safety comprehensive service platform, they can directly apply for the inspection-free sign, without going back and forth to dmv and signing the driving license, so as to realize online application and mail delivery.

　　Wang Qiang, Deputy Director of Traffic Management Bureau of Ministry of Public Security.: (It turns out) You still need to drive this car back, or take this driving license back to the vehicle management office where the vehicle is registered, then apply for an entrusted inspection. After the implementation of the reform, you can apply directly to the vehicle management office for inspection on the spot. Let’s check first, and then send this relevant information back through the backstage online later. Actually, it was originally necessary for the masses to run away. Now we are running errands online through the Internet.

　　Simplify the one-time completion of vehicle transfer from different places to vehicle inspection.

　　At present, the transfer of vehicle registration in different places requires the owner to submit the vehicle, return the license plate, extract the file and apply for a temporary license at the place where he moves out, and then submit the file, submit the vehicle for inspection and select the license plate at the place where he moves in. The owner and the vehicle run at both ends, with many twists and turns, long cycle and high cost.

　　Since September 1st, the Ministry of Public Security has piloted the electronic online transfer of files of non-operating mini passenger cars in 15 cities, including Nanjing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou and Chongqing. For the vehicles transferred between the pilot cities, applicants can directly go to the vehicle management office of the transfer place, without going to the vehicle management office of the transfer place to inspect the vehicles and extract paper files. The file information is transferred to dmv, where people move in, through the network, thus reducing the commuting between the two places.

　　Wang Qiang, Deputy Director of Traffic Management Bureau of Ministry of Public Security.: First, you don’t have to run twice. The second one doesn’t need to issue a temporary number plate. I’m worried that this number plate will expire. What’s the problem in the process? Third, this file does not need to be brought by the owner himself, so this avoids the loss of a file in the middle, or the file is tampered with by criminals. The common people also saved the trouble. Besides running twice, he didn’t need to check the car twice.

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:With freehand brushwork biotech (Biotech(ID：TXYBiotech), Author: Yang Yi, original title: "Anti-influenza drugs and market analysis", title map from: vision china.

The ugly SARS-CoV-19 has not been completely conquered by human beings, and the lingering influenza virus has begun to wreak havoc again. The struggle between human beings and viruses is like this."Scientific Progress-Virus Variation and Drug Resistance"It spirals up in this cycle. The periodic spread of seasonal influenza virus makes the importance of anti-influenza drug development stand out again.

Oseltamivir, which went on the market 24 years ago, is still the mainstay of anti-influenza drugs. Although the first new drug, Baloshavir, enriched the team of anti-influenza drugs, it went on the market five years ago. After learning the cruelty of SARS-CoV-19 virus, people need to make a breakthrough in the development of influenza drugs.

I. Classification of seasonal influenza

Seasonal influenza（Seasonal influenza）It is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus prevalent all over the world. There are four types of seasonal influenza viruses, A, B, C and D.(Chinese corresponds to influenza A, B, C and D). Influenza A and B viruses spread and cause seasonal epidemics.（seasonal epidemics）.

According to the hemagglutinin on the surface of the virus（HA， hemagglutinin）And neuraminidase（NA， neuraminidase）The combination of influenza A virus is further divided into different subtypes. At present, subtype A is transmitted among humans.（H1N1）And a（H3N2）Influenza virus. A（H1N1）Influenza virus is also written as A.（H1N1）Pdm09, because it caused a pandemic in 2009, replaced the seasonal influenza A spread before 2009.（H1N1）Viruses.

Only influenza A virus is known to cause a pandemic at present. Influenza B virus is not classified into subtypes, but can be classified into lineages. The currently popular influenza B virus belongs to B/Yamagata or B/Victoria pedigree. The detection frequency of influenza C virus is low, which usually causes mild infection, so it is not of public health importance. Influenza D virus mainly affects cattle and does not infect or cause human diseases.^[1]

Second, influenza treatment

Seasonal flu patients without complications, if they have symptoms, stay at home and do their bit to reduce the spread of the virus. By means of self-monitoring, we can decide whether to seek medical treatment.

Patients suffering from serious or progressive clinical diseases related to influenza, that is, pneumonia, septicemia or clinical syndrome aggravated by chronic basic diseases, should receive antiviral drugs as soon as possible. The most common anti-influenza drugs are neuraminidase inhibitors.（Neuraminidase inhibitors）Oseltamivir（oseltamivir）. Ideally, it should be taken within 48 hours of symptoms to maximize the curative effect. It is recommended to treat for at least 5 days, but it can be extended until the clinical improvement is satisfactory.

It should be noted that corticosteroids should not be used for influenza.(corticosteroid, such as prednisone, cortisone, hydrocortisone, etc.)Unless there are other reasons.(e.g. asthma and other specific conditions)Because corticosteroids may lead to prolonged virus clearance time and double infection of bacteria or fungi caused by immunosuppression.

At present, all popular influenza viruses are resistant to adamantane antiviral drugs.(Adamantane antivirals, such as amantadine and rimantadine)Because of their drug resistance, these drugs are not recommended for monotherapy.^[1]

Third, anti-influenza drugs

The main anti-influenza drugs are divided into adamantane, neuraminidase inhibitors and polymerase inhibitors.(Table 1).^[2]There are four kinds of anti-influenza drugs approved by FDA recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Rapivab. （peramivir），Relenza（zanamivir），Tamiflu （oseltamivir phosphate）And Xofluza（baloxavir marboxil）.^[3]

Table 1. Antiinfluenza drugs

1. Neuraminidase inhibitors（Neuraminidase inhibitors）　

Neuraminidase inhibitor（NAI）Targeted neuraminidase（NA）Glycoprotein, which is second only to hemagglutinin in human body.（HA）The most abundant surface glycoprotein. Neuraminidase inhibitors can achieve antiviral effect by inhibiting the emergence of new virus particles in host cells and preventing the enzyme activity necessary for virus transmission.^[4]

The four most common neuraminidase inhibitors are oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir and laninamivir.(Figure 1).

Fig. 1. Common neuraminidase inhibitors and their molecular structures.

Although their structures are similar, there are obvious differences in treatment schemes, routes of administration and drug resistance. The most widely used neuraminidase inhibitor is oseltamivir.(Trade name: Tamiflu)The treatment plan for adults is 75mg twice a day for 5 days. Due to zanamivir(trade name Relenza)The oral bioavailability of is low.（<5%）Therefore, it is approved as an inhalation drug, 5mg each time, twice a day for 5 days.

In 2019, intravenous zanamivir(trade name Dectova)Authorized by the European Union to be used under special circumstances.(e.g. in case of resistance to other anti-influenza drugs). Efforts to increase bioavailability and half-life have led to peramivir.(Trade name: Rapivab/Rapiacta/PeramiFlu)Development of, by intravenous infusion with a single dose of 600mg; And ranimivir (trade name Inavir), a more persistent neuraminidase inhibitor, showed therapeutic effect after a single nasal inhalation dose.^[5] Paramivir and Ranimivir are allowed to be used in a few countries around the world, while oseltamivir and zanamivir are more widely approved geographically.

Different neuraminidase inhibitors show different efficacy, which mainly depends on the subtype/pedigree of influenza virus that infects patients.For example, oseltamivir versus A（H1N1）, a（H3N2）And the seasonal uncomplicated influenza caused by influenza A and B virus is more effective. However, the effect of antiviral therapy may be limited by the resistance of influenza virus to neuraminidase inhibitors. Different neuraminidase inhibitors have different drug resistance.

In view of the drug resistance of common neuraminidase inhibitors, people are now focusing on emerging drugs in research. At least two new neuraminidase inhibitors and one neuraminidase blocker are in the first and second development stages.

HNC042(Guangzhou Hengnuokang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd. and Heilongjiang Zhenbaodao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.)In preclinical studies, it showed effective inhibitory activity against wild-type and oseltamivir-resistant NA-H274Y virus. HNC042 showed good safety, tolerability and linear pharmacokinetics in phase I trials in the United States.Learning (NCT04603989). HNC042 is used to prevent and treat influenza, especially for critically ill patients who need hospitalization.

AV5080(ChemRar, Russia, Viriom, USA, Figure 2)The preclinical evaluation revealed the activity against a variety of influenza viruses, including oseltamivir-resistant strains. Oral AV5080 shows good physicochemical and metabolic characteristics and good pharmacokinetic characteristics in animals.^[6]

Fig. 2. chemical structure of a new neuraminidase inhibitor drug candidate AV5080.

CD388 (Cidora Therapeutics Inc., USA)It is a long-acting neuraminidase blocker, and its structure is obtained by coupling neuraminidase of influenza virus to human antibody fragment.(Fc）Proprietary variants of the domain, so as to achieve two completely different and complementary mechanisms.(Figure 3). This new method of preventing and treating virus infection is expected to provide universal protection throughout the flu season. By targeting highly conserved virus areas, CD388 can potentially protect individuals from all influenza strains, including seasonal and pandemic influenza A, influenza B and major drug-resistant viruses with clinical characteristics.（NCT05523089）.

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of CDD components. (Source: CIDARA Therapeutics)

2. Polymerase inhibitors（Polymerase Inhibitors）　

Influenza virus RNA polymerase is very important for virus gene transcription and genome replication, which makes it the main goal of targeted drug design. They are highly conserved among influenza A, B, C and D viruses.^[7] Influenza virus RNA polymerase consists of three subunits: polymerase basic protein 1 in influenza A and B viruses. （PB1）Polymerase basic protein 2（PB2）And polymerase acidic protein.（PA）Or polymerase 3 protein in influenza viruses C and D.(P3) (Figure 4).

Fig. 4. Virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex model. In vRNP, the 5′ and 3′ ends of genomic antisense virus RNA (vRNA) fragment are bound by heterotrimeric RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and the rest of vRNA is wrapped by nucleoprotein (NP). The complex is twisted into an antiparallel double helix structure, and its structure is maintained by the contact between NP monomers. The vRNA forms a loop opposite to the polymerase binding end 6. (Source: Nature)

The active sites of polymerase that bind, cleave and extend RNA are conserved in various types of influenza viruses, which is why RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is considered as the target of antiviral agents. Recently, several polymerase inhibitors have been developed for each subunit, including PB1 inhibitor favipiravir, PB2 inhibitor pimodivir and PA inhibitor baloxavir marboxil (Figure 5).

Among them, baloxavir marboxil is a relatively new drug, which belongs to hat-dependent endonuclease inhibitor.（cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor， CENI）, a new anti-influenza drug with a new mechanism of action initiated in recent 20 years, was developed by Shionogi.（Shionogi）First developed by Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., there is no equivalent generic drug, which has been proved to have similar symptom relief time and greater viral load reduction for healthy adults and oseltamivir.^[8]A retrospective study shows that baloxavir marboxil may reduce the hospitalization rate compared with neuraminidase inhibitors.^[9]

Fig. 5. Chemical structure of anti-influenza drugs of RNA polymerase inhibitors.

The drug resistance of Baloxavir marboxil, Favipiravir and Pimodivir and other defects highlight the need to develop other polymerase targeting molecules that can widely inhibit influenza A and B viruses.

Pre-clinical studies on various PB2-targeted small molecules are under way.^[10]At least one of them（CC-42344） In the first stage（NCT05202379）, the other one（ZSP1273）In the third stage of research(NCT04024137) (Figure 7). Substitutes for nucleoside inhibitors of Favipiravir, such as molnupiravir.(Figure 6)Because it is effective against various RNA viruses, it may be beneficial to the treatment of influenza, but they may also have teratogenic side effects similar to Favipiravir, so Merck, its developer, finally gave up the development of influenza viruses and turned to Covid-19 for treatment.The development of PB1 inhibitors based on nucleoside and non-nucleoside is in preclinical stage.^[11]But there is no clinical trial at present.

Baloxavir marboxil obviously provides a broad idea for developing polymerase inhibitor anti-influenza drugs, and many patents and in vitro studies focus on compounds or variants of Baloxavir marboxil skeleton.^[12] Although some of them have shown promising in vitro efficacy and pharmacodynamics in mice,^[13]However, candidate drugs such as AL-749 did not pass the Phase I test.

Cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor TG-1000 (Dongyangguang Pharmaceutical)And GP681(Jiangxi Qingfeng and Yinxingshu Pharmaceutical Co-developed)Recently completed the second phase of the experiment.（NCT04706468、NCT04736758), and the recruitment of ZX-7101A phase 1 research is under way.（NCT05217732）. Various small molecules and peptides that disrupt the important protein-protein interaction between components of polymerase complex, including the key contact between PA and PB1 or between PB1 and PB2, are in the preclinical development stage.^[14]

Fig. 6. Chemical structure of a new polymerase inhibitor molnupiravir.

Fourth, the global market of anti-influenza drugs

According to the latest report released by Growth Plus Reports, the global influenza drug market is expected to reach US$ 1.51 billion by 2030, and it will grow at a compound annual growth rate of 4.8% during the forecast period. The number of influenza cases increases sharply every year, which is expected to promote the sustained growth of the influenza drug market.^[15]

North America accounts for most of the global influenza drug market.The high diagnosis rate of influenza, the wider basis of drug discovery and development, the wide availability of treatment methods, and the more significant medical expenditure contribute to the dominant position of influenza drugs in the North American market. The Asia-Pacific region has the second largest market share of influenza drugs in the world. The high prevalence rate, the government’s measures to control diseases, and the increase in health care expenditure have affected this growth.

Due to the increasing incidence of diseases and the existence of considerable influenza-related risk factors in the general population, it is expected that the European market will also see significant growth. NCBI(National Biotechnology Information Center)According to a new study, there are 27,600 respiratory deaths related to seasonal influenza in 28 EU countries every winter, of which 88% are people over 65. The mortality rate of this age group is about 35 times that of people aged 65 and under.

The main participants in the development and sales of influenza drugs include: Sanofi, Lupin, Teva, Shionogi, Macleods, Alvogen, AstraZaneca, BioCryst, La Roche, Novartis, Vitaris, etc.

V. Summary　

Although it is not as ugly as SARS-CoV-2 virus, influenza virus also kills many people, and treating influenza is still an arduous challenge for human beings. Like other antiviral drugs, the development of influenza drugs faces the difficulty of virus resistance. Baloxavir marboxil is the first new drug, which shows activity against some oseltamivir-resistant strains, and there is no significant difference in safety and effectiveness from the recently known drugs used to treat influenza. The listing of Baloxavir marboxil also brings new opportunities for combined treatment with two drugs with different mechanisms of action. Although this kind of research has not been carried out systematically, it provides a valuable new direction for influenza treatment.

In addition to Baloxavir marboxil, there are many drugs under research at different clinical stages.(Figure 7)They will be optimized in pharmacology, drug resistance, pharmacokinetics, etc., and stand on the shoulders of a few influenza drugs at present to launch a unremitting struggle against influenza virus.

Fig. 7. Overview of anti-influenza drugs in development. (Source: Antiviral Research)

References:

[1] WHO. Influenza (Seasonal). 12， 01， 2023. ↑[] Jones， J. C. et al. Influenza antivirals and their role in pandemic preparedness. Antiviral Research. 2023， 210， 105499.　

[2] Influenza (Flu) Antiviral Drugs and Related Information. FDA. 08， 12， 2022.　　

[3] Monto， A. S. et al. Influenza pandemics: history and lessons learned. Webster， R. G. et al (Eds.)， Textbook of Influenza (2 ed.)， Wiley Blackwell， West Sussex， United Kingdom (2013)， pp. 20-36　　

[4] Sugaya， N. et al. Long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor laninamivir octanoate (CS-8958) versus oseltamivir as treatment for children with influenza virus infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2010， 54， 2575-2582

[5] Ivachtchenko， A. V. et al. Novel oral anti-influenza drug candidate AV5080. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2014， 69， 1892-1902.　　

[6] Peng， Q. et al. Structural insight into RNA synthesis by influenza D polymerase. Nat Microbiol. 2019， 4， 1750–1759.　　

[7] Hayden， F. G. et al. Baloxavir marboxil for uncomplicated influenza in adults and adolescentsN. Engl. J. Med. 2018， 379， 913-923.　

[8] Komeda， T. et al. Comparison of hospitalization incidence in influenza outpatients treated with baloxavir marboxil or neuraminidase inhibitors: a health insur ance claims database studyClin. Infect. Dis.， 2021， 73， e1181-e1190.　

[9] Chen， W. et al.　 Approaches for discovery of small-molecular antivirals targeting to influenza A virus PB2 subunit. Drug Discov. Today. 2022， 27， 1545-1553.　

[10] Hou， L. et al. Contemporary medicinal chemistry strategies for the discovery and optimization of influenza inhibitors targeting vRNP constituent proteins. Acta Pharm. Sin. B. 2022， 12， 1805-1824.　　

[11] Stevaert， A. et al. The influenza virus polymerase complex: an update on its structure， functions， and significance for antiviral drug design. Med. Res. Rev. 2016， 36， 1127-1173.　

[12] Ivashchenko， A. A. et al. Synthesis， inhibitory activity and oral dosing formulation of AV5124， the structural analogue of influenza virus endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2021， 76， 1010-1018.　

[13] Massari， S. et al. Inhibition of influenza virus polymerase by interfering with its protein-protein interactions. ACS Infect. Dis. 2021， 7， 1332-1350.

[14] Influenza Medication Market – Global Outlook & Forecast 2022-2030. Growth Plus. 11， 10， 2022.　

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:With freehand brushwork biotech (Biotech(ID：TXYBiotech), author: Yang Yi

Interpretation of "Guidelines for Preventing novel coronavirus from Infecting the Public to Wear Masks (April 2023 Edition)" by Provincial Disease Control Experts
These three kinds of situations or scenes should still wear masks.

Haikou, April 15th (Reporter &ensp; Marco) On April 12th, the Epidemic Prevention and Control Group of the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council released the Guidelines for Preventing People from Wearing Masks in novel coronavirus (April 2023). On April 15, the provincial disease control experts interpreted this.

Why should we revise the guidelines for wearing masks? It is reported that during the period when novel coronavirus was infected with "Class B A tube", the state successively issued five versions of the guidelines for wearing masks, which played an important role in protecting public health and effectively preventing and controlling the spread of the epidemic. At present, the epidemic situation in COVID-19 in China is generally sporadic, but the global epidemic situation is still prevalent and the virus strains are constantly mutating, so there is still the risk of epidemic rebound in China. According to the epidemic situation and the need of prevention and control in China, on the basis of the first five editions of the guidelines on wearing masks, the Guidelines on Preventing People from Infecting novel coronavirus from Wearing Masks (April 2023 edition) was formulated to guide the public to wear masks scientifically and standardly.

What situations or scenarios?Should I wear a mask?

1&ensp;There is a risk of epidemic spread, such as when the public is infected in novel coronavirus or when there are symptoms of suspected novel coronavirus infection;

2&ensp;Being in a situation or scene with high risk of infection, such as when there is a cluster epidemic in the community where you live, work or study, and when you go to a medical institution for treatment, accompanying, accompanying or visiting;

3&ensp;Strictly guard against situations or scenes in which the epidemic situation is imported into key institutions. For example, foreigners should wear masks when entering places where vulnerable people are concentrated, such as pension institutions, social welfare institutions, child care institutions, schools, off-campus training institutions and other public service personnel should wear masks throughout their work to prevent the epidemic situation from being imported into relevant key institutions.

What situations or scenarios?Suggest wearing a mask?

1&ensp;Entering areas or places with large traffic or closed environment and crowded people, such as taking public transport, entering supermarkets, theaters, passenger stations, etc., once novel coronavirus-infected people exist in relevant areas or places, it is easy to spread the epidemic due to crowded people, poor ventilation and other reasons;

2&ensp;The elderly, patients with chronic basic diseases, pregnant women and other special groups are more harmful after infection, so it is recommended to wear masks when going to indoor public places to strengthen self-protection;

3&ensp;For large-scale meetings or activities with a wide source of personnel and strong mobility, if the participants do not carry out nucleic acid detection or antigen detection and health monitoring, once an epidemic situation is imported, it is recommended to wear a mask.

What situations or scenarios?Don’t wear a mask?

1&ensp;Situations or scenes with low risk of infection, such as outdoor places such as open squares and parks, or indoor places and conference rooms with relatively fixed personnel;

2&ensp;A situation or scene where the risk of infection is effectively prevented, such as holding a large-scale meeting or activity, by conducting nucleic acid detection or antigen detection and health monitoring on the participants, potential infected persons can be found in time;

3&ensp;A situation or scene where the risk of infection is low and wearing a mask may have a certain impact on work, life and study, for example, infants under 3 years old, teachers and students at school, people who are exercising, and people who may have difficulty breathing when wearing a mask.

How to choose to wear itSuitable type of mask?

Experts said that in view of the high risk of spreading the epidemic in novel coronavirus infected people and suspected infected people, it is suggested that they wear N95 or KN95 particulate protection masks or above (without breathing valves), while others suggest wearing disposable medical masks or surgical masks, and pay attention to changing masks in time.

Cartography/Sun Faqiang

　　Beijing, July 22 (Reporter Xin Huang learned from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology today that in the first half of the year, China’s telecom business revenue totaled 692.7 billion yuan, up 3.2% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 1.4 percentage points higher than that in the first quarter.

　　It is worth noting that in the first half of the year, the cumulative traffic of mobile Internet reached 74.5 billion GB, a year-on-year increase of 34.5%; Among them, the mobile Internet traffic reached 72 billion GB, up 30.4% year-on-year, accounting for 96.6% of the total mobile Internet traffic. In June, the average mobile Internet access traffic per household reached 10.14GB/ household, up 29.3% year-on-year, and 1.55GB/ household higher than that in December last year.

　　In particular, the growth rate of mobile Internet access traffic in the western region is leading. In the first half of the year, the mobile Internet access traffic in the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions reached 31.3 billion, 16.3 billion, 22.7 billion and 4.2 billion GB respectively, up by 29.5%, 36.5%, 41.8% and 28.4% year-on-year, and the growth rate in the western region was ahead of the whole country. Among them, in June, the average mobile Internet access traffic (DOU) of 16 provinces in China was higher than the average level, and the DOU values of Tibet, Yunnan and Guizhou were in the top three, reaching 15.95GB/ household, 15.06GB/ household and 14.81GB/ household; The difference between the highest and lowest DOU values in each province is 9.15GB/ household, which is 3.27GB/ household higher than the same period of last year.

　　Li Zhen, an industrial research analyst at the Innovation Research Institute of Peking University Science Park, said in an interview with the Economic Daily that the rapid increase in mobile Internet traffic in the first half of the year was due to the following reasons: First, the gradual use of 5G and the increasing popularity of 5G smartphones provided higher quality content, which correspondingly boosted the increase in mobile Internet traffic; Second, the speed-up and fee reduction are deepening, and operators have brought users a higher quality mobile traffic experience, which makes users prefer mobile networks in the process of use; Third, the epidemic caused all parties to participate in the construction, and operators actively carried out remote live broadcast and 5G network laying, which boosted the usage of mobile Internet traffic. Therefore, mobile Internet traffic showed a rising trend.

　　Correspondingly, in the first half of the year, it was data and Internet business income that supported the steady growth of telecom business income. In the first half of the year, the fixed and mobile data and Internet business revenues of the three basic telecom enterprises were 115.7 billion yuan and 318.5 billion yuan, respectively, up by 7.6% and 3.2% year-on-year, accounting for 16.7% and 46% respectively, up by 0.7 and 0.1 percentage points year-on-year, driving the telecom business revenue to increase by 1.2 and 1.5 percentage points, which is the main pillar of the steady growth of telecom business revenue.

　　"The accelerated growth of fixed value-added and other income is the first driving force for the growth of telecom business income." Li Zhen said.

　　In the first half of the year, three basic telecom enterprises actively developed emerging services such as IPTV, Internet data center, big data, cloud computing and artificial intelligence, and achieved a total revenue of 90.3 billion yuan in fixed value-added services, up 23.5% year-on-year, with a growth rate of 4.6 percentage points higher than that in the first quarter, accounting for 13% of the telecom business revenue, accounting for 1.7 percentage points higher than that in the same period last year, which boosted the telecom business revenue growth by 2.6 percentage points.

　　This can also be seen from the classification of mobile phone users. According to statistics, by the end of June, the three basic telecommunications companies had developed 1.106 billion cellular Internet of Things end users, up 32.7% year-on-year, with a net increase of 78.12 million over the end of last year, among which the end users used in intelligent manufacturing, intelligent transportation and intelligent public utilities accounted for 21.1%, 18.2% and 21.4% respectively. The total number of IPTV users reached 304 million, a year-on-year increase of 7.9%. The number of mobile Internet users reached 1.32 billion, and the penetration rate of mobile phone users was 82.8%, up 0.6 percentage points from the end of last year.

　　At the same time, the revenue of fixed communication business grew steadily, and the decline of mobile communication business revenue continued to narrow. In the first half of the year, three basic telecom enterprises realized fixed communication business income of 236.3 billion yuan, up 12% year-on-year, and the growth rate increased by 2.2 percentage points compared with the same period of last year and the first quarter, accounting for 34.1% of telecom business income; The revenue of mobile communication business was 456.4 billion yuan, down 0.9% year-on-year, and the decline rate was 3.1 and 1 percentage point lower than that of the same period of last year and the first quarter respectively, accounting for 65.9% of the telecom business revenue.

　　The data also shows that as of the end of June, the total number of mobile phone users of the three basic telecommunications companies reached 1.595 billion, a year-on-year increase of 0.6%. Among them, the number of 4G users was 1.283 billion, up 4.2% year-on-year, accounting for 80.4% of the total number of mobile phone users, up 0.2 percentage points from the first quarter.

　　At present, China’s fixed broadband access users are migrating at a high rate, and the proportion of 100-megabit access users is gradually increasing. By the end of June, the total number of fixed Internet broadband access users of the three basic telecommunications enterprises reached 465 million, up 7% year-on-year, with a net increase of 15.73 million over the end of last year. Among them, there are 434 million optical fiber access users, accounting for 93.2% of the total fixed Internet broadband access users. There are 404 million fixed Internet broadband access users with access rates of 100Mbps and above, accounting for 86.8% of the total number of users, accounting for an increase of 1.5 percentage points over the first quarter; With the accelerated promotion of gigabit broadband services, there are 2.67 million fixed Internet broadband access users with access rates of 1000Mbps and above, a net increase of 1.8 million over the end of last year.